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1991-10-25
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@OPTIONS ESCAPE NOEDIT
@ESC SYSTEM
.SCREEN 0
.COLOR 15,0
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ INTRODUCTION ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
We noted earlier that ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS are normally
used to............. process or transmit information.
Although we normally think in terms of ELECTRICAL
CIRCUITS in terms of their ability to perform work,
they can process or transmit information as well.
In automotive applications, the gauges on the instrument
panel provide an example of electrical systems that transmit
information.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Information is transmitted by a circuit using one of
the two functions that can be performed by the
different components:
SWITCHING THE CURRENT ON/OFF
or
REGULATING (increasing/decreasing) THE FLOW
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
In an ANALOG CIRCUIT, information is transmitted by
increasing/decreasing the flow.
A "gas gauge" typically uses analog circuitry.
A float in the tank is attached to a Variable Resistor
(Potentiometer). As the fuel level rises and falls, the
voltage going to the gauge rises and falls.
The higher the voltage, the further the indicator needle
on the gauge moves.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
In a DIGITAL CIRCUIT, information is transmitted by
switching the current on/off.
ON has one "value" and OFF has a different "value".
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────┐
┌─────────────────────────────────│ REVIEW │─────────────────────────────────┐
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒└────────┘▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒┌──────────────────────────────────┐▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒│REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING KEY POINTS:│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒└──────────────────────────────────┘▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒│1. IN AN ANALOG CIRCUIT, INFORMATION IS TRANSMITTED BY │▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒│ REGULATING (increasing/decreasing) THE FLOW OF THE CURRENT.│▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒│ │▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒│2. IN A DIGITAL CIRCUIT, INFORMATION IS TRANSMITTED BY │▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒│ SWITCHING THE CURRENT ON/OFF. │▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
HOW DIGITAL CIRCUITS TRANSMIT INFORMATION
Virtually all modern computers are digital systems that
can contain thousands of separate switches that will
either be ON or OFF at any given time.
All the computer does is "observe" which switches are
ON and which are OFF.
If the switches used are TRANSISTORS, each switch can
have two inputs and one output:
INPUT \
\
├───── OUTPUT
/
INPUT /
They are called LOGIC GATES.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
The computer's "intelligence" is based on the number of
combinations provided by the transistor's two input and
one output locations (A LOGIC GATE).
For example:
When there is no input, the output will obviously be "OFF"
IF there is an input from one location the output can be "ON"
OR if there is an input from the other location, the output can be "ON"
AND if there is input from both locations, the output can be "ON"
It can also be meaningful to the computer if it does NOT receive
an input from a specified locations.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
In addition to performing "LOGICAL FUNCTIONS", the computer can
perform mathematical functions by "counting" the number of
switches that are "OFF" and "ON" at any given time.
When it performs mathematical functions, the computer uses the
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM which consists of just two numbers - ONE
AND ZERO.
The Binary Number System illustrates how, even simple electrical
circuits with ON/OFF switches can carry complex information.
DECIMAL SYSTEM (10) BINARY SYSTEM (2)
0...................0000
1...................0001
2...................0010
3...................0011
4...................0100
5...................0101
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
When you speak in terms of a computer's "intelligence" or
"logic" you are talking about it's ability to respond to:
IF
AND
OR
NOT
And, the computer's ability to COUNT.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Even in the kind of small computers used in cars and trucks
there can be thousands of transistors in the computer's
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS and each of those transistors will carry
a piece of "information" (the output will be either "ON" or
"OFF" - or the Binary Numbers "1" or "0")
AND, when the transistors are linked together to make different
circuits, the possibilities for controlling the vehicle's
operations by "opening and closing" switches become endless.
For instance......................
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
If you wanted to activate an electric cooling fan when the
temperature of the coolant reached 185 degrees Fahrenheit
OR
If the air conditioner was turned on, a circuit like this
with a transistor in it could be used:
BATTERY ─┐...............................
SENSOR──────\ │ .
\ │ .
├──────────RELAY───────────FAN .
/ │ .
AC SWITCH───/ │ .
GROUND..............
In this case, if the transistor received an input from either the coolant
temperature switch OR the AC switch it would turn "ON" and there would be
an output to the relay which would close the relay and provide power from
the battery to activate the fan.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Although the electric cooling fan example is oversimplified, it
illustrates the point that digital electronic circuits and
computers are nothing more than a network of circuits
that are controlled by switches. The system becomes "intelligent"
when the circuits are linked together in such a manner that the
output from one transistor will trigger another transistor, which
may, in turn trigger, yet another transistor, etc.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Correspondingly, the ability of a computer to "remember" is nothing
more that the capacity to keep a switch in a particular position
(either "ON" or "OFF").
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
And, a "program" is just a series of predetermined switch settings
that are activated when the program is "run".
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
In any electronic system, the entire process is one of
one of "INPUTS" and "OUTPUTS".
After the information goes out it is normally used to
activate an electrical device that will perform some type
of work.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Because modern computerized systems are constructed using
miniaturized INTEGRATED CIRCUITS that can contain thousands
of individual circuits and components that operate at very
low voltages, it is not practical to "get inside" the
computer to see the system in operation and perform tests
to identify problems.
It is, however, possible to deal with such systems as
separate modules that perform three basic functions:
1. SENSE (INPUTS)
2. PROCESS INFORMATION
3. RESPOND (OUTPUTS)
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
In the case of this computer system, for instance:
The KEYBOARD is the INPUT DEVICE
The COMPUTER is the INFORMATION PROCESSING DEVICE
The MONITOR is the OUTPUT DEVICE
┌─────────┐
│ │
┌──────────────────────────────┐ │ │
┌────────┐ │ COMPUTER │ │ MONITOR │
│KEYBOARD│--------->│(Central Processor Unit - CPU)│------->│ │
└────────┘ └──────────────────────────────┘ └─────────┘
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ DIGITAL CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
In computerized automotive Engine Control Module, the
same INPUT/PROCESS/OUTPUT functions take place.
SENSOR ------->┌───────────────────┐
│ │ IGNITION
SENSOR ------->│ │-------->TIMING
│ ECM │
SENSOR ------->│ (System Computer) │
│ │-------->FUEL
SENSOR ------->│ │ MIXTURE
│ │
SENSOR ------->└───────────────────┘
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────┐
┌─────────────────────────────────│ REVIEW │─────────────────────────────────┐
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒└────────┘▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒┌──────────────────────────────────┐▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒│REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING KEY POINTS:│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒└──────────────────────────────────┘▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│ │▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│ │▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
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│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│ │▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
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│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│ │▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│ │▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│ │▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
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│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
.WAIT 30
.LOCATE 11,13
COMPUTERS ARE SIMPLE:
.WAIT 20
.LOCATE 13,13
1. THEY ARE NOTHING MORE THAN A COMPLEX NETWORK ON ON/OFF
.LOCATE 14,16
SWITCHES.
.WAIT 30
.LOCATE 16,13
2. THEY CAN PERFORM "LOGICAL FUNCTIONS" and COUNT.
.WAIT 30
.LOCATE 18,13
3. THEY MUST BE LINKED TO "INPUT DEVICES" AND "OUTPUT
.LOCATE 19,16
DEVICES" TO MAKE THEM USEFUL.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to Exit)*)
.CLS
.USE PROG=EQIZ7.CAI
